Hello everyone, I'm Aarti Sarvaiya , student of English department Bhavnagar University. In this blog I'm going to discuss about John Dryden's Dramatic Poesy. This blog is a part of Bridge Course which is given by Barad Sir.
Dryden - On Dramatic Poesy
About John Dryden :-
John Dryden (19 August 1631 — 12 May 1700) was an English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright. He largely dominated the literary world of Restoration England and became England’s first Poet Laureate in 1668.
Dryden is credited with establishing the heroic couplet as a standard form of English poetry by writing successful satires, religious pieces, fables, epigrams, compliments, prologues, and plays with it. He also translated great literary works, such as those by Virgil and Homer, and made them available to those who read English.
He was born in the village rectory of Aldwincle near Thrapston in Northamptonshire, where his maternal grandfather was the rector of All Saints. Dryden was the eldest of fourteen children.His paternal grandfather was Sir Erasmus Dryden, 1st Baronet (1553–1632), whose wife was Frances Wilkes, Puritan landowning gentry who supported the Puritan cause and Parliament. Dryden was a second cousin once removed of Jonathan Swift.Dryden married in 1663 and had three children. He died in 1700, with his wife outliving him.
Notable Works :-
"Absalom and Achitophel”
“Marriage à-la-Mode”
“Mac Flecknoe”
“The Indian Queen”
“The Conquest of Granada of the Spaniards”
“King Arthur”
“Secret Love, or the Maiden Queen”
“Annus Mirabilis”
“The Hind and the Panther”
“Of Dramatic Poesy, an Essay”
About Dramatic Poesy :-
Introduction :-
Criticism flourished in England during the restoration of Stuarts. An Essay of Dramatic Poesy deals with the views of major critics and the tastes of men and women of the time of Dryden.
The work is in the form of semi-drama thus making abstract theories interesting. In the late 17th century, Shakespeare was severely criticised for his careless attitude towards the mixing of genres. It was Dryden who elevated Shakespeare to height for his natural genius.
The narrative of An Essay of Dramatic Poesy has four debaters among whom, Neander is the one who holds the views of Dryden. Unlike other characters, Neander does not diminish the arguments that are on contrary to his views. Though he himself favours modern drama, he does not blame others.
Summary :-
The beginning of the narrative An Essay of Dramatic Poesy or Of Dramatic Poesy is as follows. A battle is going on between England and the Netherlands.
Four gentlemen namely Crites, Eugenius, Lisideius and Neander are travelling by boat to see the battle and start a discussion on modern literature.
Crites opens the discussion by saying that none of his contemporaries (i.e. moderns) can equal the standards and the rules set by ancient Greeks and Romans. Eugenius restrains him from wasting time on finding demerits. He asks him to find relative merit in Greeks and Moderns.
Views of Crites :-
Crites favours classical drama i.e. the drama of Aristotle who believed that drama is “imitation of life”. Crites holds that drama of such ancients is successful because it depicts life. He says that both classical and neoclassical favour rules and unities (time, place and action).
According to Crites, modern dramatists are shadows of Aesthetics, Shackles, Seneca and Terence. E.g. Elizabethan dramatist Ben Jonson borrowed from Classics and felt proud to call himself modern Horace. The classical is more skilful in language than their successors. At this, he ends up his conversation.
Views of Eugenius :-
Eugenius favours modern dramatists. However, instead of telling about the virtues of moderns, he criticises the faults of Classical playwrights
. According to him, the Classical drama is not divided into acts and also lacks originality.
Their tragedies are based on worn-out myths that are already known to the audience and their comedies are based o overused curiosity of stolen heiresses and miraculous restorations.
There disregard poetic justice. Instead of punishing the vice and rewarding the virtue, they have often shown prosperous wickedness and an unhappy devotion. The classical drama also lacks affection.
The Heroes of Homer were lovers of appetite, food etc, while the modern characters of French drama gave up everything (sleep, water and food) for the sake of love.
Views of Lisideius :-
Lisideius favours French drama of earlier 17th century. French drama led by Pierre Corneille strictly followed unities of time, pace and action. The French dramatists never mix tragedy and comedy.
They strictly adhere to the poetic justice i.e. reward the virtue and punishment the vice. For this, they even alter the original situation.
The French dramatists interweave truth with fiction to make it interesting bringing elements that lead to fate and borrow from history to reward the virtuous which he was earlier deprived of.
They prefer emotions over plots. Violent actions take place off stage and are told by messengers rather than showing them in real.
Views of Neander :-
Neander contradicts Lisideius’ arguments favouring the superiority of French drama. He talks about the greatness of Elizabethans. For him, Elizabethans fulfil the drama’s requirement i.e. imitation of life.
French drama raises perfection but has no soul or emotions as it primarily focuses on the plot. For Neander, tragicomedy is the best form of drama. Both sadness as well as joy are heightened and are set side by side. Hence it is closest to life.
He believes that subplots enrich the drama. This French drama having a single plot lacks this vividness. Further Samuel Johnson (who defended Shakespeare’s disregard of unities), he believes that adherence to unities prevents depth.
According to him, deviation from set rules and unities gives diverse themes to drama. Neander rejects the argument that change of place and time diminishes dramatic credibility in drama.
For him, human actions will seem more natural if they get enough time to develop. He also argues that Shakespeare is “the man who of all the modern and perhaps ancient poets, and largest and most comprehensive soul”.
Francis Beaumont and John Fletchers’ dramas are rich in wit and have smoothness and polish in their language.
Neander says, “I am apt to believe the English language in them arrived at its highest perfection”. If Ben Jonson is a genius for correctness, Shakespeare excels him in wit.
His arguments end with the familiar comparison, “Shakespeare was the Homer, or father of our dramatic poets; Jonson was the Virgil, the pattern of elaborate writing; I admire him, but I love Shakespeare.”
Thus for him, Elizabethans are superior because they have a variety of themes, emotions, deviations, wit. They do not adhere to rules as well. Thus their drama is really an imitation of life.
Views on Rhyme in Drama :-
At the end of the discussion, there is an argument between Crites and Neander over rhyme in plays. Crites believes that Blank Verse as the poetic form nearest to prose is most suitable for drama.
On the other hand, Neander defends rhyme as it briefly and clearly explains everything. The boat on which they all were riding reaches its destination, the stairs at Somerset House and the discussion ends without any conclusion being made.
Question :- 1
Do you any difference between Aristotle's defination of tragedy and Dryden's definition of play?.
"Dryden is a father of English criticism"
-Dr. Samuel Johnson
He is a father of an English Criticism according to Samuel Johnson because he origins surtain things and propogates in perticular manner.
After Aristotle, here is a person who is giving us very well formed definition of play.
Aristotle's defination of tragedy :-
"Tragedy,” says Aristotle, “is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude…through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation [catharsis] of these emotions.” Ambiguous means may be employed, Aristotle maintains in contrast to Plato, to a virtuous and purifying end.
Dryden's defination of play :-
"A just and lively image of human nature,representing it's passions and humours , and the changes of fortune to which it is subject, for the delight and instruction of mankind".
According to both of the defination , we can see the Dryden imitates classical poets,and here he imitates Aristotle's defination of tragedy and create his defination for play.
Dryden is a neo-classical writer or a critic and he influenced by the classical writers. His defination of the play is decided into three parts. Like.,
1). A just........nature
2). Representing..........subject
3). For.........mankind.
His defination is starting with how he is Neo-Classical critic and then how he differs. Poets nearly copy and their works imitative about Plato.
According to Dryden, there is the word "Image" in his defination,he things that the word Image is okey, if it is just. "Lively" becomes 'just in lively image'. According to Dryden ,there is so many different images of human nature that's why he adds the word "lively" ,it representing the lively behaviour or a mood of human nature.
2). If you are supposed to give your personal predilection, would you be on the side of The Ancient or The Modern? Please give reasons.
If I'm giving my personal predilections upon it ,then I will be the side of Modern because there is a so many reasons why I am taking the side of Modern.
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