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Wednesday, 24 January 2024
Presentations Videos (Sem -3)
'Midnight's Children' as 'A Historical Fiction' :
Karna, 'The Voice of Subaltern' :
Ngugi wa Thiong'o's "Petals of Blood"
Hello Everyone, I'm a student of the Department of English, M.K.B.U. This blog is a part of the thinking activity assigned by Megha Ma'am.
Petals of Blood ➖
Introduction :
Ngugi wa Thiong'o's "Petals of Blood" stands as a magnum opus that not only captures the intricacies of post-colonial Kenya but also delves deep into the realms of history, sexuality, and gender. This blog aims to provide an exhaustive examination of these themes, unraveling the layers of complexity that Ngugi weaves into his narrative masterpiece.
About the Writer :
Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (Gikuyu pronunciation born James Ngugi; 5 January 1938) is a Kenyan author and academic, who has been described as "East Africa's leading novelist". He began writing in English, switching to writing primarily in Gikuyu. His work includes novels, plays, short stories, and essays, ranging from literary and social criticism to children's literature. He is the founder and editor of the Gikuyu-language journal Mũtĩiri. His short story The Upright Revolution: Or Why Humans Walk Upright
In 1977, Ngũgĩ embarked upon a novel form of theatre in Kenya that sought to liberate the theatrical process from what he held to be "the general bourgeois education system", by encouraging spontaneity and audience participation in the performances. His project sought to "demystify" the theatrical process, and to avoid the "process of alienation [that] produces a gallery of active stars and an undifferentiated mass of grateful admirers" which, according to Ngũgĩ, encourages passivity in "ordinary people". Although his landmark play Ngaahika Ndeenda, co-written with Ngũgĩ wa Mirii, was a commercial success, it was shut down by the authoritarian Kenyan regime six weeks after its opening.
Ngũgĩ was subsequently imprisoned for over a year. Adopted as an Amnesty International prisoner of conscience, the artist was released from prison and fled Kenya. He was appointed Distinguished Professor of Comparative Literature and English at the University of California, Irvine. He previously taught at Northwestern University, Yale University, and New York University. Ngũgĩ has frequently been regarded as a likely candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature. He won the 2001 International Nonino Prize in Italy and the 2016 Park Kyong-ni Prize. Among his children are authors Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ and Wanjiku wa Ngũgĩ.
About the Novel :
Two Questions from The Novel :
1) Write a detailed note on history, sexuality, and gender in Ngugi’s Petals of Blood.
- Historical Context:
Colonial Legacies and Independence:
The historical backdrop against which "Petals of Blood" unfolds is crucial to understanding the dynamics of the narrative. The Mau Mau uprising, a pivotal moment in Kenya's struggle for independence, serves as a touchstone for Ngugi to explore the enduring impact of colonialism. The novel critiques the neocolonial power structures that emerge post-independence, exposing the disillusionment felt by characters like Karega, Wanja, and the Mumbis.
Intersections of History and Identity:
Ngugi goes beyond mere historical chronology; he intertwines history with identity, interrogating what it means to be Kenyan in the aftermath of colonial rule. The characters grapple with their individual and collective identities, reflecting the broader struggles of a nation attempting to redefine itself. The scars of the past are not merely physical but psychological, shaping the characters' perceptions and actions.
Economic Exploitation and Social Injustice:
The historical context in "Petals of Blood" also delves into economic exploitation and social injustice. The post-independence era brings promises of economic prosperity, but these promises remain unfulfilled for many. Ngugi's narrative skillfully dissects the economic disparities that persist, highlighting the continued exploitation faced by the disenfranchised, particularly the rural poor.
2) Write a detailed note on “Re-historicizing the conflicted figure of Woman in Petals of Blood.
- Re-historicizing the Conflicted Figure of Woman:
Challenging Stereotypes:
Ngugi's portrayal of women in "Petals of Blood" challenges stereotypical representations prevalent in literature. Rather than being relegated to passive roles, female characters like Wanja and Karega's mother emerge as active participants in the socio-political discourse. Ngugi dismantles conventional gender norms, inviting readers to view these women not as mere accessories but as integral forces shaping the narrative.
Gender and Class Intersections:
The novel delves into the intersections of gender and class, presenting a nuanced exploration of the challenges faced by women in post-colonial Kenya. Wanja, for instance, navigates the complexities of societal expectations while asserting her agency. Ngugi portrays the struggles of women not in isolation but within the broader context of socio-economic and political structures, highlighting the interconnectedness of gender and class dynamics.
Women's Agency and Desire:
"Petals of Blood" re-historicizes the figure of women by portraying them as individuals with agency and desires. Wanja's pursuit of economic independence and her refusal to conform to societal expectations challenge traditional gender roles. Ngugi explores the intricacies of women's desires and choices, presenting a narrative that celebrates the multifaceted nature of female characters.
Conclusion :
In conclusion, Ngugi wa Thiong'o's "Petals of Blood" transcends the boundaries of conventional storytelling, offering readers a profound exploration of history, sexuality, and gender. The historical context serves as a crucible, forging the identities of the characters against the backdrop of colonial legacies and post-independence struggles. The re-historicization of the conflicted figure of woman adds another layer of complexity, challenging stereotypes and providing a nuanced portrayal of women navigating the socio-political landscape of post-colonial Kenya. Through meticulous storytelling, Ngugi prompts readers to reflect on the unresolved issues that persist in our contemporary world, urging us to engage with the complexities of history, sexuality, and gender in our ongoing quest for understanding and justice.
12th Fail Movie
Introduction :-
In the realm of cinema, where narratives often mirror societal nuances, "The 12th Fail" emerges as a poignant exploration of the intricacies of the education system and its ramifications on the aspirations of the youth. Directed and written by Vidhu Vinod Chopra. , this film navigates the complexities of academic pressures and societal expectations.Sometimes it's the underdog story that strikes the right chord, and writer-director Vidhu Vinod Chopra brings his mastery into play in his latest outing, 12th Fail. Based on the novel of the same name by Anurag Pathak, it chronicles the journey of Manoj Kumar Sharma from Chambal, who despite being a 12th drop out sets out to prepare for the UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) exam, considered one of the toughest.
At a time when the moral compass of our films resembles a roulette wheel, here comes an inspirational tale that truthfully celebrates probity in public and private life. Returning to the turnstiles after a while with a story of hope and resilience, filmmaker Vidhu Vinod Chopra maps how a worthy son of the soil, a species that is becoming endangered in the cinematic landscape, overcomes poverty and corruption to negotiate the toughest exam of the country. The tone is a bit didactic and the treatment gets a tad overstated but it is a big-hearted film that hugs you tight with its message of human goodness. Chopra has successfully generated this delightful feeling in the past with his productions Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. (2003) and 3 Idiots (2009), and 12th Fail feels like their spiritual cousin from the Hindi heartland.
About the Movie -
12th Fail :
Director: Vidhu Vinod Chopra
Cast: Vikrant Massey, Medha Shankar, Priyanshu Chatterjee, Harish Khanna, Sarita Joshi
Run-time: 147 minutes
Storyline: Manoj, a driven young boy from Chambal, overcomes societal hardships in his inspiring pursuit to join the Indian civil services
Based on a real-life character, here is a chap from Chambal who doesn’t pick up the gun when his father is punished for his honesty. He doesn’t turn hostile when the local MLA stalls his wheels when he and his brother try to eke out a living. Instead, drawing inspiration from an upright police officer (Priyanshu Chatterjee), Manoj Kumar Sharma (Vikrant Massey) wields a pen and learns to write his own destiny in the allotted time so that he can also don the uniform and deliver the elusive justice. Cheating is a way of life in his surroundings but Manoj carries the righteous swagger imbibed from his father (Harish Khanna) and grandmother (Sarita Joshi).
Be it the cheating mafia working under political patronage to keep the masses ignorant or the excruciatingly slow wheels of justice that break the spirit of the common man, Chopra perceptively captures the everyday discrimination and dehumanisation that pushes the deprived to seek posts that exude power.
In a telling sequence, when the father’s spirit melts in front of the insurmountable odds, he says, “We can’t win this battle, son”. Manoj replies, “But we can’t accept defeat either.” Similarly, finding themselves in an endless struggle, the scene where Manoj and his mother (Geeta Aggarwal Sharma) cry together tears you up.
For once the camera zooms into the hallowed portals of the Union Public Service Commission and captures the putrid colonial hangover that reeks of bias against candidates who come from the vernacular medium. The film employs former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s poem Haar Nahin Manooga (Won’t Give Up) to lyrically convey its point. The phrase raar nahin thanooga (won’t engage in dissension) not only symbolises the positive, can-do spirit of Manoj but goes on to define his optimistic approach, untouched by pervading cynicism.
Contextualization:
Positioning the film within broader discourses is imperative to understanding its socio-cultural relevance. "The 12th Fail" transcends the boundaries of a mere coming-of-age tale; it serves as a mirror reflecting the flaws in the education system, the pressure to conform to societal norms, and the underlying struggles faced by today's youth. Exploring its implications in the education system, government jobs, and contemporary cultural context unveils the film's power as a commentary on societal expectations.
Thematic Study:
At the heart of the film lie its themes, each contributing to a rich narrative tapestry. Whether it be the pursuit of academic success, the toll on mental health, or the quest for individual identity, these themes form the core of the film's societal commentary.
Comparative Analysis:
Comparative Analysis of "Hichki" and "12th Fail":
Both "Hichki" and "12th Fail" tackle inspiring stories of overcoming adversity and defying societal expectations. However, they approach these themes through different lenses, catering to distinct cinematic experiences:
Similarities :
Focus on underdogs : Both films feature protagonists facing significant challenges. Naina in "Hichki" battles Tourette syndrome and societal prejudice against her speech impediment, while Vikas in "12th Fail" grapples with the stigma of failing his 12th board exams.
Theme of resilience and determination : Both protagonists showcase unwavering determination in the face of obstacles. Naina perseveres through discrimination and personal struggles to excel as a teacher, while Vikas overcomes societal stigma and academic setbacks to achieve his dream of becoming an IPS officer.
Importance of mentorship and support : Both films highlight the crucial role of supportive individuals in overcoming challenges. Naina finds encouragement in her students and colleagues, while Vikas receives guidance from a supportive principal and his own unwavering self-belief.
Differences :
Genre and tone : "Hichki" is a heartwarming dramedy with a lighthearted and humorous touch, celebrating Naina's journey of self-acceptance and her impact on her students. "12th Fail" is a biopic with a more serious and inspirational tone, focusing on Manoj's real-life struggles and triumphs against societal pressures.
Nature of adversity : Naina's primary battle is internal, stemming from her own insecurities and societal prejudice against her disability. Manoj faces external obstacles – the rigid education system, academic failure, and societal expectations.
Approach to overcoming challenges : Naina wins over her critics and inspires her students through her dedication, humor, and innovative teaching methods. Manoj adopts a strategic and determined approach, focusing on academic excellence and proving his competence against doubters.
Comparative Analysis of "12th Fail" and "Madam Geeta Rani"
Both "12th Fail" and "Madam Geeta Rani" (originally titled "Raatchasi") explore similar themes of educational reform, societal pressures, and individual determination. However, their approaches and contexts differ significantly:
Similarities :
Theme of educational reform : Both films challenge traditional education systems and advocate for alternative approaches that prioritise understanding over rote learning. They showcase dedicated teachers who inspire students to think critically and pursue their passions.
Societal pressures : Both films depict the immense pressure placed on students to excel in academics, often leading to anxiety and a sense of worthlessness. They question the overemphasis on exams and grades, highlighting the importance of holistic development.
Individual determination : Both films celebrate the power of individual determination and resilience. The protagonists, despite facing societal barriers and personal setbacks, overcome challenges and achieve their goals through hard work and unwavering belief.
Differences :
Language and region : "12th Fail" is a Hindi film set in North India, while "Madam Geeta Rani" is a Tamil film originally set in South India. This difference in cultural context influences the storytelling and character portrayals.
Genre and tone : "12th Fail" is a biopic with a dramatic and inspirational tone, telling the true story of an IPS officer who failed his 12th board exams. "Madam Geeta Rani" is a commercial entertainer with a blend of humour, drama, and social commentary.
Protagonist and approach : "12th Fail" focuses on a male protagonist's journey from academic failure to success in the civil service. "Madam Geeta Rani" centres around a female protagonist who transforms a failing school through unconventional methods.
Ultimately, both films offer valuable insights into educational reform and the importance of defying societal expectations. However, their unique perspectives and storytelling styles cater to different audiences and preferences. Whether you prefer a biopic with real-life inspiration or a commercial entertainer with social commentary, both "12th Fail" and "Madam Geeta Rani" have something to offer.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, "The 12th Fail" stands as a cinematic work that goes beyond entertainment, serving as a critical commentary on the education system, societal expectations, and the evolving aspirations of the youth. Through the lens of literary and film studies theories, we've dissected its narrative, contextualized its socio-cultural implications, studied its themes, and expanded our perspective through a comparative analysis. As the credits roll, we are left pondering the impact and relevance of this film, recognizing its role in sparking conversations and fostering a deeper understanding of the world it portrays.
Works Cited
Kukreja, Monika Rawal. “12th Fail Review: Vikrant Massey delivers a superlative act in this pure and honest tale of success and failure.” Hindustan Times, 26 October 2023, https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/12th-fail-review-vikrant-massey-delivers-a-superlative-act-in-this-pure-and-honest-tale-of-success-and-failure-101698308950091.html. Accessed 23 January 2024.
Kumar, Anuj. “'12th Fail' movie review: Vidhu Vinod Chopra delivers yet another hug of hope that is more earnest than magical.” The Hindu, 26 October 2023, https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/12th-fail-movie-review-vidhu-vinod-chopra-delivers-yet-another-hug-of-hope-that-is-more-earnest-than-magical/article67460764.ece. Accessed 23 January 2024.
Tuesday, 23 January 2024
The Research Paper as a Form of Communication
Hello Everyone, I'm a student of the Department of English, M.K.B.U. This task is a part of the thinking activity which is given by Vaidehi Ma'am.
The Research Paper as a Form of Communication :
Understanding the Nature of a Research Paper
A research paper stands as a distinctive form of written communication, set apart by its emphasis on presenting information and ideas with clarity and effectiveness. In the broader context of nonfiction writing, encompassing letters, memos, reports, essays, and books, the research paper carries a unique weight due to its focus on factual evidence, systematic inquiry, and academic rigor.
Clarity and Effectiveness
At its core, the research paper shares common ground with other nonfiction genres in its fundamental goal of communicating with clarity and effectiveness. However, what sets it apart is its commitment to not only convey information but to do so through a meticulous process of research, analysis, and synthesis.
Navigating the Mechanics of Research
The process of creating a research paper involves navigating the intricate mechanics of gathering source materials, taking notes, and meticulously documenting sources. While these aspects are undoubtedly crucial, there is a cautionary note against letting the technicalities overshadow the application of acquired writing skills and knowledge. The writer is reminded that the skills honed through previous writing experiences are equally, if not more, critical in ensuring the paper's success.
The Role of the Handbook
A handbook designed for the preparation of research papers serves as a guide through this intricate process. It is not, however, a comprehensive guide to expository writing. Instead, it assumes a more focused role, aiding writers in navigating the unique challenges posed by the research paper genre. This delineation underscores the recognition that while the conventions for preparing a manuscript are essential, they are not a substitute for dynamic and intelligent writing.
The Delicate Balance: Conventions and Expression
The delicate balance between adhering to conventions and expressing one's ideas becomes apparent. No amount of research and documentation can compensate for a poor presentation of ideas. The emphasis is not solely on the adherence to rules and guidelines but on the writer's ability to engage in lively and intelligent writing.
The Relationship Between Documentation and Ideas
While full documentation of facts and opinions drawn from research is a requirement, there is a caution against letting this overshadow the writer's original ideas. Documentation should act as a supportive element, providing concise information about the sources without eclipsing the writer's unique perspective. In essence, the research paper is not a mere compilation of facts but an avenue for the author's intellectual contribution.
Similarities Among Letters, Reports, Essays, and Research Papers :
Universality of Written Communication Goals
Beyond the unique characteristics of a research paper, it's crucial to recognize the commonalities that bind it with other forms of written communication, such as letters, reports, and essays.
Clarity as the Common Thread
Clarity of communication stands as the linchpin that unites these diverse forms. Regardless of the genre, the overarching goal is to convey information in a manner that is readily understood by the intended audience. Whether one is composing a personal letter, compiling a report, expressing personal opinions in an essay, or presenting research findings, the need for clarity remains universal.
Purposeful Communication: Tailoring the Message
Each form of writing has a distinct purpose, shaping the nature of the communication. Letters, often personalized and intimate, serve as a means of conveying thoughts and emotions directly to a recipient. Reports, on the other hand, take on a more objective stance, focusing on the dissemination of factual information. Essays provide a platform for expressing personal opinions or arguments, adding a subjective dimension to the discourse. Research papers, with their emphasis on scholarly inquiry, contribute to the academic conversation by presenting findings grounded in evidence.
Organization and Structure: A Shared Blueprint
The organizational blueprint is another shared element. Whether one is crafting a letter, a report, an essay, or a research paper, an effective structure is paramount. The introduction serves as the entry point, providing context and setting the stage for what follows. The body houses the substantive content, organized in a logical progression. The conclusion brings closure, summarizing key points and leaving a lasting impression. This universal structure serves as a guide, ensuring coherence and logical flow in the presentation of information.
Use of Evidence and Examples: Building Credibility
The utilization of evidence and examples emerges as a common practice across these diverse forms of writing. In a research paper, this takes the form of meticulous citation and referencing to bolster arguments and lend credibility to the presented findings. In reports, data and statistics serve a similar purpose, grounding the information in verifiable evidence. Essays draw strength from examples that illustrate and reinforce the writer's stance. Even in letters, personal anecdotes or instances may be employed to substantiate claims or convey emotions.
Audience Awareness: Tailoring Communication
An acute awareness of the audience is pivotal across all forms of writing. Tailoring the message to suit the expectations, background, and preferences of the audience enhances the effectiveness of communication. A letter to a friend adopts a different tone and style compared to a report submitted to a supervisor. Similarly, the tone of an essay varies based on whether it is intended for an academic audience or a more general readership. Research papers, often directed towards a scholarly community, demand a level of formality and rigor tailored to an academic readership.
Effective Use of Language: A Common Imperative
Regardless of the genre, the effective use of language is a common imperative. Choosing the right words, adhering to proper grammar and syntax, and maintaining an appropriate tone are hallmarks of proficient communication. The nuances may vary - a letter may embrace a more conversational tone, while a research paper demands a level of formality - yet the underlying principle remains constant.
Documentation and Citations: Ensuring Credibility
Documentation, encompassing citations and references, emerges as a critical aspect of maintaining credibility. Whether acknowledging the source of a quote in an essay, providing references for data in a report, or meticulously citing scholarly articles in a research paper, this practice safeguards against plagiarism and reinforces the validity of the presented information.
Critical Thinking and Analysis: A Common Thread in Essays and Research Papers
While critical thinking and analysis find a pronounced place in essays and research papers, their presence is not exclusive to these genres. Even in reports and letters, a degree of critical thought may be required. However, the depth of analysis and the extent of critical engagement are notably heightened in essays and research papers. These forms of writing demand not only the presentation of information but a thoughtful evaluation of the content, encouraging writers to question assumptions, explore implications, and construct well-founded arguments.
Conclusion: Appreciating Diversity in Unity
In conclusion, while the research paper stands as a distinctive form of written communication with its unique set of challenges and requirements, it does not exist in isolation. Rather, it coexists with a spectrum of written forms, each contributing to the rich tapestry of human communication. The thread that binds these diverse forms is the commitment to effective communication - the art of conveying thoughts, ideas, and information in a manner that resonates with the intended audience. From the personal touch of a letter to the systematic inquiry of a research paper, each form plays a vital role in shaping how we communicate, learn, and engage with the world through the written word.
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